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Glossary
of design and printing terms.
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Machine
glazed (MG): paper with a high gloss finish on one side only.
Machine
Minder: The person who actually runs the press. The quality of a printed
job is often dependent on the skill of the machine minder.
Magenta:
process red, one of the basic colours in process colour.
Magnetic
ink: a magnetized ink that can be read both by humans and by electronic
machines. Used in cheque printing.
Majuscule:
A capital letter.
Make
ready: the time spent in preparing and setting-up the printing press.
Make-up:
the assembling of all elements, to form the printed image.
Manilla:
a tough brown paper used to produce stationery and wrapping paper.
Manuscript:
(MS) - the original written or typewritten work of an author submitted for
publication.
Margins:
the non-printing areas of page.
Mark
up: copy prepared for a compositor setting out in detail all the
typesetting instructions.
Mask:
opaque material or masking tape used to block-off an area of the artwork.
Masthead:
details of publisher and editorial staff usually printed on the contents
page.
Matt
art: a coated printing paper with a dull surface.
Measure
(noun):
In typography, the length of a line, even if the line is not filled with
characters (such as a centred or partial line), designated in picas. When
the text is set in columns, the line length is called column measure.
Mechanical
binding: a method of binding that secures pre-trimmed leaves by the
insertion of wire or plastic spirals through holes drilled in the binding
edge.
Mechanical
tint: a pre-printed sheet of dots, lines or patterns that can be laid
down on artwork for reproduction.
Metallic
ink: printing inks that produce an effect gold, silver, bronze or
metallic colours.
Mezzotint:
For
a halftone, a special screen that produces connected, dusty-looking dots.
MG
(Machine glazed): paper with a high gloss finish on one side only.
MICR:
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. Automatic sorting method used, e.g. on
cheques, based on the printing of numbers in magnetic ink.
Miniscule:
A lowercase letter.
Mock-up:
the rough visual of a publication or design.
Modem:
(MOdulator-DEModulator) - a device for converting digital data into audio
signals and back again. Primarily used for connecting to a dial-up
internet service but can also be used for a direct connection between remote
computers using telephone lines.
Moire
pattern:
(pronounced 'mo-ray') Irregular plaid-like patterns that occur when a
bit-mapped image is reduced, enlarged, displayed, or printed at a resolution
different from the resolution of the original.
Mono:
using just one colour. Normally black, but can be any colour.
Monospaced
type:
A (typewriter) typeface in which the amount of horizontal space taken up by
each character is the same.
Montage:
a single image formed from the assembling of several images.
Mounting
board: a heavy board used for mounting artwork.
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NCR:
(No Carbon Required) - paper coated with chemicals and dye which will
produce copies without carbon paper.
Negative
space:
In design, the space where the figure isn’t -- in artwork, usually the
background; in a publication, the parts of the page not occupied by type or
graphics.
Nested
stories:
In newsletter/magazine layout, stories run in multiple columns at different
column depths.
Newsprint:
Unsized, low quality, absorbent paper used for printing newspapers.
Nipping:
a stage in book binding where after sewing the sheets are pressed to expel
air.
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Objected-oriented
(mode):
The Draw graphics mode. A set of algorithms describe graphic form in
abstract geometrical terms, as object primitives, the most fundamental
shapes from which all other shapes are made: lines, curves, and solid or
patterned areas.
Oblique
type:
Characters that are slanted to the right; sans serif typefaces often have
oblique rather than true italics, which are a separate font.
OCR:
(Optical Character Recognition) - a special kind of scanner which
provides a means of reading printed characters on documents and converting
them into digital codes that can be read into a computer as actual text
rather than just a picture.
Offprint:
a run-on or reprint of an article first published in a magazine or journal.
Offset
Printing: A lithographic method of printing where the paper does not
come into contact with the printing plate. The ink is transferred from the
plate to a blanket cylinder and then to the paper.
Onion
skin: a translucent lightweight paper used in airmail stationery.
Opacity:
term used to describe the degree to which paper will show print through.
Optical
centre: a point above the true centre of the page that will not appear
'low' as the geometric centre does.
Origination:
A term used to describe all of the processes that prepare a job for the
printing stage.
Orphan:
In a page layout, the first line of a paragraph separated from the rest of
the paragraph by a column or page break. Headings without enough type under
them may be considered as orphans; there should be as much type below the
heading as the height of the heading itself, including white space.
Outline:
A term used when converting a font or graphic into a mathematical vector
format. Can also be called 'curves'.
Overprinting:
printing over an area already printed. Used to emphasise changes or
alterations.
Overs:
additional paper required to compensate for spoilage in printing. Also used
to refer to a quantity produced above the number of copies ordered.
Ozalid:
a trade name to describe a method of copying page proofs from paper or film.
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Page
count: Total number of pages, including blanks and printed pages without
numbers.
Page
Printer: the more general (and accurate) name used to describe
non-impact printers that produce a complete page in one action. Examples
include laser, LED and LCD shutter xerographic printers, ion deposition,
electro-erosion and electro-photographic printers.
Pagination:
the numbering of pages in a book.
Pantone:
(PMS: Pantone Matching System) - a registered name for an ink colour
matching system.
Pantone®
colours: Premixed ink colours that are often specified for printing as a
spot colour. Can be matched using CMYK but will not be exactly the same
colour as its Pantone colour counterpart.
Paper
plate: a short run offset printing plate.
Paper
Sizes: The most common system of paper sizes in Europe is the ISO
standard. Most people are familiar with the A series which includes A4 the
usual letterhead size. The C series is for envelopes - A C4 envelope being
ideal for holding an A4 sheet. There is also a B series which provides
intermediate sizes for the A series but this is rarely used.
The aspect ratio of ISO paper sheets is 1 to 1.414 (The
square root of 2). This gives them a unique property: If you cut a sheet
into two the resulting halves are the same proportion as the original. In
other words a sheet of A4 when halved gives you two sheets of A5. All A size
papers have the same proportions. The largest sheet in this series is A0
which is 841mm x 1189mm and just happens to be one square metre in area (ISO
paper sizes are rounded to the nearest millimetre).
Two other series that you may come across are RA and SRA
which are used by printers. They are slightly larger than the A series to
provide for grip, trim and bleed.
Of course you can use any size of paper you choose.
However, most paper merchants supply ISO sized stock so it is most cost
effective to stay with A sizes.
Parallel
fold: a method of folding; egg two parallel folds will produce a six
page sheet.
Pasteup:
The process of preparing mechanicals - in traditional publishing,
positioning and pasting type and graphics on a board (and overlays). In
desktop publishing, page-assembly software enables the user to do electronic
pasteup.
Perfect
Binding: A type of book binding where the pages are held in the spine by
glue. Many magazines and most paperback books are perfect bound.
Perfecting:
Printing both sides of a sheet in one pass through the press.
Perfector:
a printing press that prints both sides of the paper at one pass through the
machine.
Photogravure:
(see Gravure) a printing process where the image is etched into the plate
cylinder. The main advantage of this method of printing is the high speed,
long run capability. Used mainly for mail order and magazine work.
Pica:
(em) a printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 points to a pica,
one pica is approximately 0.166in.
Picking:
the effect of ink being too tacky and lifting fibres out of the paper. Shows
up as small white dots on areas of solid colour.
Pipelining:
the ability of a program to flow automatically text from the end of one
column or page to the beginning of the next. An extra level of
sophistication can be created by allowing the flow to be re-directed to any
page and not just the next available. This is ideal for US-style magazines
where everything is 'Continued on...'!
Pixel
(picture element):
The smallest unit that a device can address. Most often refers to display
monitors, a pixel being the smallest spot of phosphor that can be lit up on
the screen.
Plate:
A metal sheet with a specially coated 'emulsion' on its surface which when
exposed through a film mask or by CTP process will produce an image. When
the plate is loaded onto printing press it then reproduces this image using
inks onto the paper.
PMS:
See Pantone Matching System.
PNG
(Portable Network Graphics format):
PNG (usually pronounced 'ping'), is used for lossless compression. The PNG
format displays images without jagged edges while keeping file sizes
relatively small, making them popular on the web. PNG files are however
generally larger than GIF files.
Point:
the standard unit of type size of which there are 72 to the inch (one point
is approximately 0.01383in). Point size is the measure from the top of the
ascender to the bottom of the descender.
Portrait:
The orientation of the page so that the short edge is along the bottom.
Sometimes referred to as vertical. The opposite of landscape.
Posterization:
For a halftone, the reduction of the number of gray scales to produce a
high-contrast image.
Postscript:
The brand name of a software standard created by Adobe. It is a page
description language that is used by most graphics software and output
devices to combine text, pictures and graphical elements into an electronic
document and create output that the printer can use.
Primary
colours: cyan, magenta and yellow. These three colours when mixed
together with black will produce a reasonable reproduction of all other
colours.
Print
engine: the parts of a page printer that perform the print-imaging,
fixing and paper transport. In fact, everything but the controller.
Printer
font: High-resolution
bitmaps or font outline masters used for the actual laying down of the
characters on the printed page, as opposed to display on the screen.
Printing
Plate: The physical plate that carries the image. These can be made from
a variety of materials. At the cheaper end of the market there are paper or
plastic plates that are designed to be used once and thrown away. They are
very economic for short runs such as small quantities of stationery. See
Plate.
Process
blue: the blue or cyan colour in process printing.
Process
colour: Colour specified in percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow and
black. When superimposed during printing the four colour printing process,
their separate plates can recreate millions of different colours.
Progressives:
colour proofs taken at each stage of printing showing each colour printed
singly and then superimposed on the preceding colour.
Proof
correction marks: (typesetting) a standard set of signs and symbols used
in copy preparation and to indicate corrections on proofs. Marks are placed
both in the text and in the margin.
Proof:
A representation of the finished print produced for customer inspection for
errors to be corrected prior to mass printing.
Proportional
spacing: (typesetting) a method of spacing whereby each character is
spaced to accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so
increasing readability.
Books and magazines are set proportionally spaced,
typewritten documents are generally monospaced.
Pull
quote:
A brief phrase (not necessarily an actual quotation) from the body text,
enlarged and set off from the text with rules, a box, and/or a screen. It is
from a part of the text set previously, and is set in the middle of a
paragraph, to add emphasis and interest.
Pulp:
the raw material used in paper making consisting mainly of wood chips,
rags or other fibres. Broken down by mechanical or chemical means.
Punctuation
block:
In right-justified or right-aligned text, several consecutive lines that end
with punctuation and make the right margin look uneven.
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Quark
Xpress: Macintosh based typesetting and page layout program.
Quick
mask:
A screen display mode in Photoshop in which a translucent coloured mask
covers selected or unselected areas of an image.
Quire:
1/20th of a ream (25 sheets).
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Rag
paper: high quality stationery made from cotton rags.
Ragged:
(typesetting) lines of type that do not start or end at the same position.
Ranged
left/right: (typesetting) successive lines of type which are of unequal
length and which are aligned at either the right or left hand column.
Ream:
500 sheets of paper.
Recto:
Right hand page of an open publication.
Reference
marks: symbols used in text to direct the reader to a footnote. Egg
asterisk, dagger, double dagger, section mark, paragraph mark.
Register
marks: used in colour printing to position the paper correctly. Usually
crosses or circles.
Register:
the correct positioning of an image especially when printing one colour on
another.
Resolution:
the number of dots per inch (dpi) in a computer-processed document. The
level of detail retained by a printed document increases with higher
resolution. ppi (pixels per inch) for an image. All non-vector artwork is
supplied at a minimum of 300 dpi.
Retouching:
a means of altering artwork or colour separations to correct faults or
enhance the image.
Reverse
out: to reproduce as a white image out of a solid background.
Revise:
indicates the stages at which corrections have been incorporated from
earlier proofs and new proofs submitted. Egg First revise, second revise.
RGB:
An acronym for red, green and blue. RGB is a colour model used for computer
monitors and colour video output systems. Colour separations for litho
printing cannot be made directly from RGB files and need to be converted to
CMYK first.
Right
reading: a positive or negative which reads from left to right.
Right-justified
alignment:
Type set so that the text runs even on the right margin as well as on the
left margin; the extra white space is distributed between words and
sometimes between characters on the line.
RIP
(raster image processor): Computer used to create an electronic bitmap
for actual output. This may be built into an imagesetter or may be separate.
Rivers:
Spaces
between words that create irregular lines of white space in body type,
particularly occurs when the lines of type have been set with excessive word
spacing.
Roman
type:
Book weight, regular, or in desktop publishing systems, called plain or
normal type -- used for the body type in a text-intensive publication.
Rotary
press: a web or reel fed printing press which uses a curved printing
plate mounted on the plate cylinder.
Rotogravure:
The web version of gravure.
Rough:
A
refined thumbnail sketch for a publication design, done at actual size, with
more detail. Roughs are often used for the first client review.
Royal:
a size of printing paper 20in x 25in (508 x 635mm).
Rule
(ruling line):
A geometric line used as a graphic enhancement in page assembly -- the term
is used to distinguish ruling lines from a line of type.
Runaround:
(see also Text wrap) - (typesetting) the ability within a program to run
text around a graphic image within a document, without the need to adjust
each line manually.
Run-back:
Reverse of run-on.
Run-in
heading: A
heading set on the same line as the text, usually in bold or italic type.
Running
heads/feet:
Titles (often accompanied by page numbers) set at the top/bottom of text
pages of a multipaged publication.
Run-on:
Often when a printing price is quoted it is given as a figure for the
basic job plus a figure for additional copies. For example the price may be
2000 copies at £300 with £25 for a 500 run-on. This enables you to
calculate a range of prices for different quantities.
It is very important to note that the run-on price is for
copies printed at the same time as the main run. For instance, in the
example given, you could not have 2000 copies today and then expect to have
another 500 at some future date for just £25. In many cases the set-up and
Make Ready charges represent a large proportion of the print cost.
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